2013中考英语备考:短语动词和句型解读

2013-02-09 02:42:47 中考英语

  很多学生觉得英语难学,但事实上,英语和其他学科区别不大,知识点都完全出在书中。只要肯下工夫,一定会把英语学好,至少英语成绩不会被别人落下太多。通过今年的初三期末考试可以看出来,学生们存在的最主要的问题还是对教材不够熟悉。比如,今年的完形填空题出自教科书中的原文,但是5个填空部分很多学生都没有完全答对。其实,现在考试的趋势越来越回归教材,所以学生们一定要对教材非常熟悉。英语考试中的作文虽然不像语文作文那样占分比例很大,但这仍是一个重点。此次考试,学生们的作文情况也不是很理想。原因是学生们平时不愿意动笔。其实,只要对教材熟悉,写作的问题就不大。教材中的每个模块的第二、三单元都是一个主题,这个主题会告知写作内容。中考时的写作范围也不会脱离这些主题,肯定会是书中提到过的,所以,学生们要根据这些主题主动练习写作。

  寒假期间的复习重点可根据个人情况而定,但以下两方面不得忽视:1、完形填空和阅读每天要做四五篇。英语考试中完形填空和阅读所占分数非常大,这是一个容易得分的部分。所以,学生们在假期每天都要保证阅读数量。英语语感很重要,如果长时间不做阅读,再次复习时会费很多力气。2、初一到初三教材“过”一遍。复习英语的最好方式就是熟读教材,因为英语教材中几乎涵盖了所有知识点。寒假期间,初一到初三年级的全部英语单词要复习一遍,课文要通读一遍,要保证英译汉和汉译英都没有问题,这样会给开学后进入总复习提供很多帮助。

  【考点直击】

  1. 短语动词的辨析;

  2. 英语句子的基本句型结构;

  3. 初中阶段主要句型的用法。

  【名师点睛】

  短语动词是中考的重要内容之一。在初中阶段,我们已经学习了不少短语动词,把他们加以归纳总结,进行重点复习是十分必要的。英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体,其用法有的相当于及物动词,有的相当于不及物动词,有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。

  1. 短语动词的分类

  (1)动词+介词

  常见的有look for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如:

  Don’t laugh at others.

  Tom asked his parents for a bike.

  (2)动词+副词

  常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in,等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,既可放在副词前边,又可放在副词后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则要放在副词前边。如:

  You’ll hand in your homework tomorrow.

  Please don’t forget to hand it in.

  (3)动词+副词+介词

  常见的有 go on with, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:

  Go on and I’ll catch up with you in five minutes.

  After a short rest, he went on with his research work.

  (4)动词+名词+介词

  常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:

  You should pay attention to your handwriting.

  We should make full use of our time.

  (5)动词+形容词

  常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,则宾语可放在形容词的前边,也可放在后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则必须放在形容词前边。如:

  The prisoners were set free.

  He cut it open.

  (6)动词+名词

  常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如:

  This story took place three years ago.

  I make friends with a lot of people.

  2. 短语动词的辨析

  (1)be made in(在……生产或制造),be made of(由……组成或构成)

  (2)come down(下来;落),come along(来;随同),come to oneself(苏醒),come true(实现),come out(花开;发芽;出现;出来),come over(过来;顺便来访),come in(进来),come on(来吧;跟着来;赶快), come up with(找到;提出)

  (3)do one’s best(尽最大努力), do well in(在……干得好), do one’s homework(做作业),do some reading(阅读)

  (4)fall asleep(入睡),fall behind(落在…..后面),fall off(从……掉下),fall down(到下;跌倒)

  (5)get down(下来;落下),get on(上车),get to(到达),get up(起床),get back(回来;取回),get off(下来),get on well with(与……相处融洽),get married(结婚),get together(相聚)

  (6)give up(放弃),give…a hand(给与……帮助),give a concert(开音乐会)

  (7)go back(回去),go on(继续),go home(回家),go to bed(睡觉),go over(过一遍;仔细检查),go out(外出;到外面),go wrong(走错路),go on doing(继续做某事),go shopping(买东西),go boating(去划船), go fishing(去钓鱼),go hiking(去徒步旅行),go skating(去滑冰),go straight along(沿着……一直往前走)

  (8)have a look(看一看), have a seat(坐下), have supper(吃晚餐), have a rest(休息), have sports(进行体育活动), have a cold(感冒), have a cough(咳嗽), have a good time(过得愉快), have a headache(头痛),have a try(尝

  试;努力)

  (9)look for(寻找),look out(留神; 注意),look over(仔细检查),look up(向上看;抬头看),look after(照顾; 照看),look at(看; 观看),look like(看起来像),look the same(看起来像),

  (10)make friends(交朋友),make phone calls(打电话),make money(赚钱),make the bed(整理床铺),make a noise(吵闹),make a faces(做鬼脸),make one’s way to(往……走去),make room for(给……腾出地方),make a decision(做出决定),make a mistake(犯错误),make up one’s mind(下决心)

  (11)put on(上演;穿上;戴上),put up(挂起;举起),put down(把某物放下来),put away(把某物收起来), put off(推迟)

  (12)take off(脱掉衣服),take photos(照相),take time(花费时间),take out(取出),take a seat(坐下),take an active part in(积极参加),take care of(照顾;照料;注意),take exercise(做运动),take one’s place(坐某人的位置;代替某人的职务),take turn(轮流)

  (13)talk about(谈话;交谈),talk with(和……交谈)

  (14)turn on(打开电灯,收音机,煤气,自来水等),turn off(关上电灯,收音机,煤气,自来水等),turn down(关小;调低),turn…over(把…..翻过来)

  (15)think of(认为;想起),think about(考虑)

  3.句子的基本句型结构

  根据句子所用动词的不同,句子可归纳为五个基本句型。

  (1)主语+连系动词+表语。例如:

  My mother is a doctor.

  Her voice sounds nice.

  (2)主语+不及物动词。例如:

  He runs fast.

  We study hard.

  (3)主语+及物动词+宾语。例如:

  Children often sing this song.

  He studies English.

  1)常用-ing形式, 而不用不定式作宾语的动词有:enjoy, finish, feel like, consider, practise, keep, suggest, mind等。例如:

  She enjoys reading novels and swimming.

  I finished reading the book last night.

  2)常用不定式,而不用-ing形式作宾语的动词有:wish, hope, agree, plan, decide, refuse等。例如:

  Where do wish to sit?

  Tom agreed to lend some money.

  3)有些及物动词既可用不定式,由可用-ing形式作宾语,但意义不同。这类动词常见的有:remember, forget等。例如:

  Please remember to post the letter for me.

  请记住替我发了这封信。

  I remember posting the letter.

  我记得那封信寄过了。

  Stop的用法同上面的词相仿,不过stop后面跟不定式不是作宾语,而是作状语。试比较下列句子:

  He stopped to smoke. 他停下来吸烟。

  He stopped smoking. 他停止吸烟了。

  4)有些及物动词的宾语,既可用不定式,又可用-ing形式,意义基本相同。这类动词常见的有:like, love, hate, begin, start, continue等。例如:

  I like to swim in summer.

  I like swimming in summer.

  (4)主语+及物动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语。例如:

  My father bought me a new bike.

  He gave me an apple.

  1)及物动词之后跟有双宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物。指人的为间接宾语,

  指物的为直接宾语。一般情况下,间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后。如果要

  把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,间接宾语前需加介词。例如:

  Please pass me a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to me.

  Show me your new book, please. =Please show your new book to me.

  2)把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,间接宾前有时加介词to, 有时加介词for,这主要取决于谓语动词。一般在动词give, tell, sell, lend, show之后加to。在动词buy, make, get等之后加for。例如:

  Would you lend me your dictionary, please? =Would you lend your dictionary to me, please?

  Tom’s mother bought him a pair of new shoes. =Tom’s mother bought a pair of new shoes for him.

  (5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。例如:

  We keep our classroom clean and tidy.

  I hear someone singing in the next room.

  1)及物动词指后跟有复合宾语,一个是宾语,一个是宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如:

  We call him Jack.

  Don’t get your hands dirty.

  2)在及物动词之后,用不定式作宾语补足语和用-ing形式作宾语补足语表示

  的意思往往不同。用不定式作宾语补足语指事情的全过程;用-ing形式作

  宾语补足语指正在进行的动作的一部分。例如:

  I heard him sing that song. (我听他唱过那首歌。)

  When I came back, I heard him singing in the room.

  (我回来时,听见他正在房间里唱歌。)

  3)在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, look at使役动词let, make, have等的复合宾语种,不定式须省去to。但变为被动句时,省去的to要加上。例如:

  I saw him go into the room.

  He was seen to go into the room.


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