一、作名词的后置定语的动词不定式
初中英语教材中出现过两个这样的句子：⑴I want a book to read. 我想(找)一本书看。 ⑵There are still twenty more trees to be planted. 还有二十多棵树要栽。
很多老师或同学就问：⑴句的a book与to read，⑵句的trees与to be planted都含被动关系，为什么前者用的是主动的动词不定式to read作名词的后置定语，而后者却用被动的动词不定式to be planted呢?
我们应该对下面这道单项选择填空题记忆犹新吧?(2004年江西省英语中考实例!)
—Shopping with me? —Sorry. I have a lot of clothes ________.
A. to wash B. washed C. wash D. to be washed
析：正确答案为A，也用主动形式的动词不定式作名词的后置定语!
所以，对上述问题可解释如下：如果该句中的主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的发出者(或执行者)，则动词不定式多数采用主动形式;而当动词不定式所表示的动作的发出者(或执行者)不是句子的主语时，用主动形式或被动形式都行，且意义相差无几——这种情形在表“存在意义”的句式里尤其明显。如：
① I have a lot of homework to do. 我有许多作业要做。
② Give me a list of food to buy/to be bought, please. 请把要买的食物单给我。
③ There is nothing to worry about/to be worried about. 没有什么担心的。
析：不管用什么形式的动词不定式作名词的后置定语，当不定式里的动词为不及物动词时，千万不能遗漏了固定搭配的介词或副词。如：
a. 他们没法才找到一个好的地方住下来。
[误] They tried to find a nice place to live.
[正]They tried to find a nice place to live in.
b. 公园里有许多可以坐的凳子。
[误] There are many stools to sit in the park.[正]There are many stools to sit on in the park.
二、不少动词，如sell，wash，write，read，open，ride和系动词smell，taste，sound，feel等等虽形式上为主动结构(尤其与well，smoothly等程度副词连用时)，主动形式能达被动意义，那就由它们“主动”去吧。如：
[误]This kind of skirt wasn't sold well last year.
[正] This kind of skirt didn't sell well last year.
所以下面这道单项选择填空题的答案就是A(2003年江西)：
I like my new bike. It_____ very well.
A. rides B. is riding C. is ridden D. has ridden
三、smell，look，feel，become/turn/get(变得)等后接过去分词——其实是形容词时，往往是系表结构，下面仍以2003年江西省的中考实题为例：
—Do you still have a headache, Billy? —No, it’s _____. I’m all right now, mum.
A. dropped B. run C. left D. gone
析：答案为D。因这句中的it’s为it is的缩写，所以is gone是系表结构，即“已去的;过去了的”等意。
四、如果主动语态的宾语属指代主语本身的词，如反身代词、相互代词或物主代词等，要变被动语态即是“强人所难”的事。如：
[误]Yourself must be looked after well (by you).
[正]You must look after yourself well .
五、主动语态的宾语为非谓语形式时，一般“不宜被动”。如：
[误]To learn English well is hoped by Han Mei.[正]Han Mei hopes to learn English well.
六、过去分词作定语在中考里也出现过，其中的过分确也含被动味，只是常以“简略形式”出现——过去分词尽管为非谓语动词，但它仍保持着动词的词性，既可以有自己的宾语，又能接状语，一起构成过去分词短语;作定语时，须将过去分词放在被修饰词之后，其功能就相当于一个定语从句。如：
Near the window, there is a bookshelf filled with many books (=which is filled with many books). 靠近窗户，有一个装满书的书架。
Most of the students invited to the garden party (=who were invited to the garden party) came from our school. 大部分被邀请参加游园会的学生来自于我们学校。
如此看来，下面这道2003年江西中考实录题的答案为什么是C，也就不言而喻了。
—What are on show in the museum?
—Some photos_____ by African children.
A. are taken B. were taken C. taken D. have been taken
析：句里的taken实乃which/that were taken的简化!
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