2013中考英语备考：句子类型精讲

　　暑假过后，新初三生们迎来了初中最重要的一年——初三。为方便2013年中考考生及家长查询相关信息，出国留学网中考频道特别搜集汇总了中考英语知识点以供参考：

　　句子类型

　　1.从结构上看，英语的句子可分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。

　　2.简单句：由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子叫做简单句。简单句有六种句型：

　　型号 句型 例 子

　　1 主语+不及物动词(+状语) The Frenchman coughed badly at night. / The city lies in a valley .

　　2 主语+连系动词+表语 That is a map of China. / That piece of meat looks quite good. / It sounds like the singing of rails .

　　3 主语+及物动词+宾语 You're doing the right thing. / Jack likes to stay at home and play by himself .

　　4 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 Can you tell me the way to the Summer Palace ? / It took me a week to finish the work.

　　5 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 We call him Li Ming . / The rich man asked the singer to come up to the sitting room .

　　6 There +be+主语+状语 There are some flowers on the teacher's desk . / There are 365 days in a year .

　　3.并列句：由并列连词把两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子。常用的并列连词有and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, neither…nor, either…or, still, however, not only…but also等。并列句的结构：简单句+并列词+简单。

　　Hurry up, or you'll miss the early bus . / We love peace but we are not afraid of war . / He must be ill, for he is absent today .

　　She has not only knowledge, but also experience . / He was ill, so he didn't go to school. / Work hard, and you will succeed .

　　4.复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合句。主句是句子的主体，从句只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。从句可以担任复合句的主语(主语从句)、表语(表语从句)、宾语(宾语从句)、定语(定语从句)、状语(状语从句)。中学阶段主要学习含有状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的复合句。

　　A.状语从句：在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表示的意思的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、让步、比较(或方式)和条件等类。

　　○1 时间状语从句：由when, while, as, the moment, the minute, once, whenever, before, after, till(until), since, as soon as等连词引导。

　　主 句 从 句 例 子

　　一般将来时 一般现在时 I will go out for a walk if it doesn't rain tomorrow .

　　带有情态动词 You must look left and right when you cross the crossing .

　　祈使句 Ask him to give me a call as soon as he comes back .

　　过去时的某种时态 过去时的某种时态 I went to bed at ten after the film was over. / The film had begun when I reached the cinema .

　　I was reading a book while he was singing a song .

　　○2 条件状语从句：由if, unless, so long as, as long as, in case , if only, provided that等引导。(注：在条件状语从句的将来时态要用现在时和过去时，表示相应的将来时)。

　　I'll show you around the city if I am free tomorrow . / If I had enough money, I would buy the car .

　　○3 原因状语从句：由because(因为), as(由于), since(既然), for(因为)等引导。

　　He was absent yesterday because he was ill . / As it was already dark, they decided to stay in the town for the night .

　　○4 目的状语从句：由so that, that, so, in order that, in case等引导。句中常有may, might, can, could, should, would等情态动词。

　　He got up early so that he could catch the early train. / He studied hard in order that he might succeed .

　　○5 结果状语从句：由so…that, so, so that, such…that等。

　　The film is so interesting that everyone likes to see it again . / Nothing more was heard of him, so people thought that he was dead .

　　○6 比较状语从句：由than, as…as, not as(so)…as, the(+比较级)…the(+比较级)等引导。

　　Today is not as warm as yesterday. / He listens to the teacher more carefully than I .

　　○7 地点状语从句：由where 和wherever等引导。地点状语从句位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开;位于句末时则不用逗号。

　　He follows her wherever she goes .

　　○8 方式状语从句：由as, just as…so, as if 等。As if 引导的从句的时态要用过去时(虚语语气)。

　　Please do as I do . / He tells me the whole thing as if he knew everything .

　　○9 让步状语从句：由though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, no matter who等引导。

　　Although he has failed many times, he doesn't give up trying .

　　B.宾语从句：由一个句子充当宾语，我们称之为宾语从句。(宾语从句的语序永远是陈述语序)

　　○1 宾语从句的连词。

　　a. 如果宾语从句是从陈述句变化而来的，要用连词that来引导，that可以省略。

　　b. 如果宾语从句是从一般疑问句变化而来的，要用连词if或whether .

　　c. 如果宾语从句是从特殊疑问句变化而来的，连词就应该用特殊疑问词(what, when, where…)。

　　○2 宾语从句的时态：

　　主 句 从 句 例 子

　　任何一种时态 一般现在时(表示真理、科学原理、自然现象) The teacher told / tells us that the earth goes round the sun.

　　一般现在时 任何一种时态 I hear that he will come back next week.

　　一般将来时 I will tell him that his father rang him up just now when he comes back .

　　一般过去时 过去时的某种时态 I wondered if Tom would come back ./ Lucy asked whether I had finished my homework .

　　○3 宾语从句的人称：人称代词要随合理的逻辑而自然变化。

　　She said, "I am much better than before."--------She said that she was much better than before .

　　○4 when 和if 在引导宾语从句和状语从句中，后面的时态有差别。

　　I don't know when (何时)she will be back(宾语从句), but when(当…时候) she comes back, I'll let you know(状语从句) .

　　I don't know if(是否) she will come back(宾语从句), but if (如果)s 共有4条文章 页次：3/4 分页： 9 7 1 2 3 4 8 :

　　he comes back, I'll let you know (状语从句) .

　　C.定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导从句的关系代词有：who(人，主格), whom(人，宾客), whose(人，所有格), which(物), that(人，物)。引导从句的关系副词有：where(地点), when(时间), why(原因)。

　　The man who lives next to us is a policeman./ You must do everything that I do ./ We will never forget the day when we visited Gaozhou .

　　主句/先行词 从 句 主 句 主 句 / 先行词 从 句 主 句 / 先行词 从 句

　　○1 从句的谓语动词和先行词的关系。

　　a. 主谓关系：He asked the man(作从句主语) who/that was smoking .

　　b. 动宾关系：The noodles(作从句宾语) that/which I cooked were delicious .

　　○2 只能用that 的情况：

　　a. 先行词为all, any, few, no, some, much, little等修饰。 I have done all the work that he told us to do .

　　b. 先行词被序数词修饰。 That last/first question that he asked me was hard to answer .

　　c. 先行词同时有人和物。 They often talk about things and persons that they remember .

　　d. 先行词是everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词。 I remembered everything that the teachers taught me before .

　　e. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰。 That is the best book that I have read .

　　f. 先行词被the very, the only, the same修饰。 It is the very book that I am looking for .

　　g. 先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语。 China is no longer the country that it used to be .

　　h. 先行词是指示代词that, one, those, this, another, all等。 Is this school the one that I saw in the picture ?

　　i. 主句以who / which开头，定语从句用that 。who is the girl that spoke to you just now ? / which is the car that was made in China ?

　　○3 只能用which的情况：

　　a. 关系代词前有介词。 This is the house in which we lived last year .

　　b. 先行词本身是that 。 The clock is that which I bought yesterday .

　　c. 非限制性定语从句。 His English , which used to be very poor, is now excellent .

　　○4 定语从句在句中作定语，所以在使用时，相当于现在分词短语，过去分词短语，动词不定式短语，介词短语作后置定语的句子。

　　a.I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun . = I bought a book written by Lu Xun .

　　b.Tell the children who are playing basketball not to do that . = Tell the children playing basketball not to do that .

　　c.The house that stands at the corner was built in 1987 . = The house standing at the corner was built in 1987 .

　　d.We have nothing that we should fear . = We have nothing to fear .

　　e.The book that is on the table is expensive . = The book on the table is expensive .

　　○5 引导词when, where和why可用相应的表示时间(in, on, at, during等)、地点(in, on, at等)和原因(for)的介词+which 表达为介宾结构。

　　a.I still remember the day when I met her for the first time . ---- I still remember the day on which I met her for the first time .

　　b.That is the place where I went when I was a child . ----- That is the place to which I went when I was a child .

　　c.May I know the reason why you are late ? ----- May I know the reason for which you are late ?

　　○6 在定语从句中，不能再出现指示先行词的指示代词。

　　I just can't find the book which/that she lent it to me .(×)---- I just can't find the book which/that she lent to me .(√)

　　○7 注意下面的变化：

　　a. This is the house(不作lived的宾语) where we lived last year .

　　This is the house(作lived in的宾语) which/that we lived in last year .

　　b. This is the day (不作left的宾语)when we left for Shenzhen .

　　This is the day (作spent的宾语)which/that we spent in Shenzhen .

　　○8 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：

　　a. 限制性定语从句：是句中不可缺少的组成部分，没有从句，先行词意思不明确，主句也不完整，从句主句不用逗号分开。

　　b. 非限制性定语从句：是主句先行词的补充说明，没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整，这种定语从句一般用逗号和主句分开，在非限制性定语从句中，一般不用that。

　　◎ Last Sunday they reached Dalian, where a meeting was to be held .

　　◎ She has two brothers, who are both doctors .

　　Ⅲ There be 句型

　　1. 英语"There + be + (not)"结构表示"有(没有)某人或某物"时，there 是无词义的引导词，be是谓语动词，它后面的名词是主语，两者再数上必须一致。句末往往有表示地点或时间的状语。

　　2. 肯定句：There +(助动词或情态动词)+be 主语+地点(时间)状语。

　　There is a pen on the table . / There will be a football match tomorrow .

　　3. 否定句：There + be(助动词或情态动词)+not(any)(或+no)+ 主语…。

　　There are not fairies in the world . / There wasn't a underground in Shanghai before ./ There won't be a football match tomorrow .

　　4. 一般疑问句：Be + there +(any) +主语… ? / 助动词或情态动词 + there +be +(any) + 主语… ?

　　Is there anything I can do for you ? / Will there be cloud tomorrow ?

　　5. 特殊疑问句：疑问词(+名词)+be +there + 状语 ?

　　How many weeks are there in a year ? / What is there on the desk ? / Where will there be a football match tomorrow ?

　　6. 如果there +be 之后是并列主语，应根据离be 最近的名词来选择be的形式。

　　There is a apple and two pears on the table . / There are two pears and a apple on the table .

　　7. 含有引导词there 的句子用seem to be , happen to be , used to be 或live 等作谓语的结构。

　　There happened to be an old friend of mine in the shop . / There used to be a temple here

　　Ⅳ 主谓一致

　　1. 主谓一致是指谓语动词要与主语单、复数形式及人称变化相一致。主要包括三方面：形式一致、意义一致、就近原则。

　　2. 单数名词、不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数;复数名词作主语，谓语用复数;若主语表示单数或整体概念时，谓语应用单数。

　　Time is money . / My book is new . / Our books are there . / His family isn't very large . / His family are all music lovers .

　　3. 有些名词以"s"结尾，但谓用单数。(news, physics, maths, politics等) Maths is very important to us .

　　4. People, police, youth, cattle等常作复数处理。 The youth are full of living .

　　5. 既作单数又是复数的名词，可作单、复数。(sheep, fish, deer, Chinese, Japanese…)

　　There is one deer / are some deer in the zoo. / I met a Japanese in the street . / The Japanese I met in the street were friendly .

　　6. 当主语是两个名词由and 连接时，若表示一种事物或一种概念时，谓语用单数。

　　The teacher and writer is coming(同一个人) . / The teacher and the writer are coming .(不同人)

　　7. 有every 或each 修饰的单数名词并列时，谓语动词用单数，第二个every或each 可省略。Every boy and (every)girl has a new book.

　　8. 表示时间、距离、金钱或数量的复数名词，一般视为一个整体，谓语用单数。A hundred miles is a long distance .

　　9. 有些形容词前加定冠词构成表示一类人的名词，常用复数处理。The rich are getting richer. / The blind are sitting on the road .

　　10. Number, population 等词可作单数或复数，主要从意思决定。A number of books are new. / The number of books is 3,000.

　　The population of China is very large . / One third of the population here are workers.

　　11. 当名词后有with, together, like, but, except等介词短语时，谓语随名词的数而变。 Tom with his parents has been to Beijing twice .

　　12. Each和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词，都作单数看待。Each of us has an apple. / Somebody is using the photo.

　　13. What, who, which, any, more, most, all等代词可以是单、复数，主要靠意思决定。Which is your room ? / Which are your rooms ?

　　14. "None 或none of+名词(代词)复数"可作单、复数，若名词为不可数，则谓语只用单数。

　　None of the books are easy enough for us . / None of us has got a camera. / None of milk is good.

　　15."Either, neither (+of +名(代)词复数"作主语时，通常看作单数。Neither of us has been to HongKong . / Either answer is wrong .

　　16."many a +单数名词"或"more than one +单数名词"作主语时，谓语多用单数形式。More than one person has that kind of experience.

　　17.All/most/half/part/some/the rest of +不可数名词，谓语用单数。 All of meat is bad .

　　18.All/most/half/part/some/the rest of +可数名词复数，谓语用复数。 Some of students are absent .

　　19."one of +名(代)词复数"为主时，谓语通常用单数。One of the girls is from America .

　　20."a pair of +名词复数"作主语时，谓语常用单数，若pair是pairs时谓语用复数。

　　21."(a)part of +名词"作主语时，若名词是单数，谓语用单数;若名词是复数，谓语用复数。

　　22."a group of +名词"作主语时，强调整体，谓语用单数;若强调group 中的各成员，谓语用复数。

　　23."a lot of /lots of +名词复数"作主语时，谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。

　　24."most of +名词复数"作主语时，谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。

　　25."plenty of +名词复数"作主语时，谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。

　　27.由either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, or或there be + 名词+and + 名词等连接的主语，通常根据就近原则，谓语的单、复数形式依最接近它的名词词组的单、复数形式决定。

　　My parents or I am going to visit my grandparents .

　　Either your father or your mother has been to the Great Wall .

　　Neither you nor Lao Yang is to do the work .

　　There is a man and three children over there .

　　Not only you but also he knows that thing .

　　28.动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语时作单数处理。

　　To see you is very glad . = It is very glad to see you .

　　Taking means no holes .

　　Seeing is believing .

　　Finishing the work takes me a long time . = To finish the work takes me a long time . = It takes me a long time to finish the work .

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