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2021考研英语:长难句翻译分析十
【例句】Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product , first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denied manegement the flexiblity to adjust its operations to the new reality.(text 4)
难词:
Regulatory [ˈreɡjələtəri] a.监管的;管理的
bread-and-butter product 基本产品,主要产品
长难句分析:
句子主干:the USPS (主语)is(系动词) in a historic squeeze between technological change and a regulatory structure (表语)
修饰成分:Fundamentally(副词作状语);that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product , first-class mail是定语修饰technological change; denied manegement the flexiblity to adjust its operations to the new reality是定语修饰a regulatory structure
翻译:根本原因在于,USPS正身陷“历史性挤压”:一面是技术变革导致对其核心产品(普通邮件)的需求永久性降低;一面是监管体系使得其管理层无法灵活调整业务以适应新现实。
【例文】And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.(text 4)
难词:
interest groups 利益集团
Exert pressure on 向...施加压力
The states quo 现状
长那难句分析:
句子主干:interest groups (主语)exert self-interested pressure on(谓语) the USPS’s ultimate overseer(宾语);insisting that whatever else happens to the postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected是伴随状语,里面嵌套了宾语从句 whatever else happens to the postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected
修饰成分:ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers是后置定语修饰interest groups ;Congress是the USPS’s ultimate overseer的同位语;
翻译:而且,从邮政工会到贺卡制造商的众多利益集团都在为一己之利对USPS的最高监管者-国会-施加压力,坚定不管邮政其他方面发生什么变化,他们所依赖现状的方方面面都要得到保护。
【例文】If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate-where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimun necessry to keep the Postal Service afloat, not cmprehensive reform. (text 4)
难词:
Meausre n.议案
Bare a.勉强的
Be bound to 一定;肯定
长难句分析:
句子主干: this measure(主语) would still have to get through (谓语)the Senate(宾语)
修饰成分:If it clears the House(条件状语从句);where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimun necessry to keep the Postal Service afloat, not cmprehensive reform. 定语从句修饰the Senate; 里面嵌套了宾语从句that it amounts to the bare, bare minimun necessry to keep the Postal Service afloat, not cmprehensive reform。
翻译:假若提案获众议院批准,还必须在参议院获得通过-那里一定会有人指出,它仅仅是使邮政维持下去所必需的最低,最低要求,并非彻底的改革。
2021考研英语:长难句翻译分析十一
首先我们先来看下面的例子,这句话出自于2020考研英语第一篇阅读。
Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas -city centres,"school streets", even individual roads-are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance.
一部分同学一看到这种长句子心里就慌,觉得太难了。但是这个句子大家只要认真分析就会觉得其实也很简单。面对这种长句子,我们先来断句,长句子拆成小单位之后就容易理解了。首先,我们可以根据标点符号,在破折号处划开,划开为三个部分(破折号中间的内容部分,不再根据逗号划开,因为逗号并列的部分太短):
1.Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas
2.city centres,"school streets", even individual roads
3.are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance.
但是这里的第三部分仍然较长,我们再进一步划分。这次我们可以根据一些标志词,比如并列连词来进行划分,找到“and”,所以这句话可划为四个部分:
1.Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas
2.city centres,"school streets", even individual roads
3.are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations
4.and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance.
句子的划分首先是要根据划分标志来进行,在划分的过程中也要注意遵守“长度适中,语法结构完整”的原则。划分结束后,为了方便后续的理解,我们先来处理一下这个句子中的语法成分:1.找主句:即主句的主谓宾,先找谓语,找到“keep”和“are”,两个谓语同时出现在一个句子中,则必然存在连词来连接他们,这时我们可以找到“that”,可以判断keep是that从句中的谓语,are是主句的谓语。接下来找主句的主语“Restrictions”,宾语“a response”。2.处理完这部分内容之后我们继续看第一部分“Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas ”,that引导的从句为定语从句,用来修饰restrictions(因为that在从句中做主语,所以为定语从句)。第二部分“city centres,"school streets", even individual roads”做同位语,解释说明前面的“certain areas”。第三部分“are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations”第一个to后面的内容,我们可以根据固定用法“respond to sth.”可以判断这部分做定语,修饰“a response”,即“对...的回应”。继续分析第一个to后面的内容,the absence of...这里是“A of B”的结构,即为B的A。A的内容“ a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations”这里的to也为固定搭配,可以理解为“做...的努力”。第四部分“and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance.”and并列respond部分和require部分(根据结构相似,成分相同原则判断)。其中句式结构为require sb. to do sth.这样一步步理清楚句子的结构之后,我们再理解就容易多了。
整句可理解为:将污染严重的汽车排除在某些区域(市中心,“学校街道”,甚至个别道路)之外的限制,是对缺乏较大努力来正确执行现有法规并要求汽车公司使其车辆合规的回应。
2021考研英语:长难句翻译分析十二
首先,我们选取以下的长难句翻译试题:
Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed.
其次,我们来找非常明确的方法论来处理这个句子。同学们之前或多或少应该都有所体会,在长难句翻译这里,有一个较为成体系的解题方法:第一步要划分结构,第二步要分析语法,第三步要调整翻译语序再逐字翻译。
如何划分结构?有一些标志来帮助大家:第一种,标点符号如分号、冒号、句号和逗号(分隔较长成分);第二种,连词如并列连词and、but等,以及从属连词如that、what、who等;第三种,on、in、with等介词短语。
那来实际应用一下。同学们,我们从前往后看这个句子,在authors这里就出现了第一个标点符号——逗号,此时逗号前的成分较长,我们可以在这里划开一个结构。继续往下面看,下一个明显的划分标志是and,但此时and并列的两个结构较短,所以没有划分开来的必要。再下来的明显的划分标志仍然是一个逗号,可以在这划开,但是同学们也可以注意到,逗号后面出现了一个从属连词but,又是一个明显的划分标志,所以在这里划开没有什么问题。到此,句子结构划分完毕,呈现以下效果:
A. Like the majority of authors, // B. he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, // C. but these made him all the more determined to succeed.
再来按照结构分析一下语法知识。从整体来看,该长难句呈现出了“短语,句子+并列连词+句子”的结构,在考研英语中凡是出现了“短语,句子”的结构,均可以认定这里的短语为状语;此处,like作为介词表示“像”的意思,所以是介词短语作比较状语,前置翻译。其次,短语之后是“句子+并列+句子”的结构,该结构被称为“并列句”,我们对两个句子进行分开理解就可以了。B号句子中,谓语动词为had to suffer,主语是he,宾语部分为一个由and连接的并列结构many disappointments and rejections,那剩余的along the way 是什么成分呢?是地点状语,需要前置翻译。C号句子中,谓语是make,有一个动词短语的固定搭配 make sb. adj to do, 中间包含宾语和宾语补足语的结构,意为使得某人怎么样去做某事,例如 make me happy to dance,意为使我开心地去跳舞;主语是these。
最后,根据各自的语法知识特点我们来调整语序进行翻译。A部分要前置翻译,但因其本身就在句子的最开始,所以顺着翻译即可。在B部分要先翻译出来地点状语,意为“一路走来”,代词he指代吉米·哈利。C部分也顺译即可。所以,最后的翻译成果是:与大多数作家一样,一路走来,吉米·哈利不得不经受多次的失望与拒绝,但是这一切使他更坚定地去获取成功。
希望通过对这一个句子的分析同学们能学到长难句解析的系统方法。当然,考研英语的当中要求大家掌握的语言能力还有很多,同学们如果想要系统的提升自己的考研水平,还是要找到途径进行系统地学习。
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