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2021年考研英语：备考的障碍词解析(2)
“Waiter, do you serve lobster here?”
“We serve anyone; take a seat, please.”
这个笑话发生在饭店，显然服务员与客人之间发生了误会，而误会的根源就在serve这个词上。客人所用的serve的意思是“供应，有没有…菜”，而服务员所用的serve的意思是“为…提供服务”。
无论是英文单词还是汉语词语大部分词都不会一个词只有一个意思，绝大部分的词都至少有两个或是更多的意思。所以在复习单词时不能只记住一个单词大致的一到两个词义而把其它的忽略不记，造成了只知其一，不知其二的局面。这样导致无法准确理解该词在句子中的意思，做起题来自然要出错。
本书第三章词义关联的多义词不仅列出了单词的各种义项，还在分析考研真题的基础上标出了哪些义项是已经熟悉的，哪些是不太熟悉而且是难点的，帮助考生避轻就重，对于熟悉的内容可以少花时间，对于难点的内容多下苦功。另外，通过【点睛】帮助学生学会如何发现词义间的联系，学会联想。后面的各个单词就由考生自己按自己的办法联想记忆。记忆单词的多个词义也不是一味的死记硬背，而是要注意一个词各词义之间的关联，因为一个词的多个词义往往有千丝万缕的联系，而且多个词义是不断衍生出来的，所以发现关联，加强联系，是记忆单词各种意思的好办法。
abnormal
adj. 1.反常的
Abnormal human behavior may be caused by eating substances that upset the delicate chemical balance in the brain. 食用能打破大脑微妙化学平衡的东西可能会引起人类的异常行为。(考研真题)
2.不规则的，无规律的abnormal bleeding 异常出血
【点睛】与此义相近的还有irregular意思是“不规则的，无规律的”，由regular加上表否定义的前缀ir派生而来。
【扩展】abnormality n.反常
It is not known whether the cancer and chromosomal abnormality(染色体异常)are independent events or whether one is the result of the other.(考研模拟)
abroad
【点睛】注意与aboard区别，两个词拼写很相似，aboard的意思是“在车、船、飞机上”。
adv. 【常见词义】到国外, 在国外
China’s nouveau riche(暴发户)are spending their holidays abroad in ever increasing numbers.越来越多中国的有钱人到国外度假。
They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well.(考研真题)无论是在本地，全国亦或国外，只要在商店、饭店使用就自动给卡的主人增加信用分，同时还提供很多银行服务。
Her parents often take trips abroad, leaving her all alone in their big house. 她父母经常去国外旅游，把她一个人留在大房子里。
Economic crises in financial capitals abroad will inevitably follow the recent troubles on Wall Street.。国外的经济危机必然会随着华尔街近期的金融问题而至。
【较难词义】[正式](谣言、消息等)四下流传中
The king wanted me to keep the secret that his wife was disloyal(不忠)to him, so I would never let it be spread abroad.
abrupt
【点睛】这个词的第一个意思很熟悉，但是第二、三个意思却是考研的难点。如果一个人言谈行为比较唐突，别人可能觉得他很粗鲁。一个很突兀的山坡自然是陡坡了。
adj.【常见词义】突然的 (unexpected)
Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.(考研真题)过渡部分应该承上启下，这样才不会使文章有突兀的或令人费解的变化。
【较难词义】1.粗鲁的 (rude)
He is a very fine man even though he’s sometimes abrupt in manner. (考研真题)
2.陡峭的 (steep) an abrupt descent陡坡
【扩展】abruption n.突然的断裂 total abruption of all relations彻底断绝所有关系
absorb
v.吸引 (fascinate, captivate)
The students are absorbed in their studies for the big math exam.
People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.”(考研真题)人们被19世纪的商店发起的“消费文化”所吸引。这些商店环境优雅，商品琳琅满目。
【较难词义】占去(时间等)(take up)
His new girlfriend absorbs most of his time and we rarely see him anymore these days.
3.忍受 (bear)
The young couple, Tom and his wife, couldn’t absorb the additional financial hardships (困难)of living alone and had to move back home with Tom’s parents.
Families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement (退休)income.(考研真题)
【扩展】
absorption n.吸收
absorbent adj.能吸收的 be as absorbent as a sea sponge
absorbing adj.吸引人的 General introduction classes such as these will be of absorbing interest to a larger, more diverse audience; specialists on the topic, however, may be bored by these classes. 像这样的概论课程将吸引众多形形色色的听众，而研究该题目的专家可能会对这类课程感到厌烦。
【搭配】be absorbed in 专心于
He is often absorbed in business, although he is also periodically(偶尔的)distracted (分神)by his pretty young secretary.
2021年考研英语：备考的障碍词解析(1)
adolescent
n.(尤指16岁以下的)青少年
In retrospect, I was much happier as an adolescent with simple and vague dreams.
现在回想起来，青少年时的我要快乐得多，那时候我有着单纯、朦胧的梦想。
As diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.(考研真题)随着饮食和健康的改善，每过20年儿童和青少年的身高会平均增长大约1.5英寸，这就是我们所知的身高增长的长期趋势模式。
adj.青春期的
【派生】adolescence n.青春期
advocate
v.提倡, 鼓吹
Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed. (考研真题) 没有什么能说服我再回到那种凯瑟过去提倡而我也曾经喜欢的生活模式中去。
n.拥护者，鼓吹者
【点睛】经过观察，学生对advocate作名词“拥护者”的意思更为生疏，而且在英语写作中也很需要这个词，所以请注意下面例句中的用法。
Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.(考研真题)科学家应强有力的回应动物权利鼓吹者，因为他们的言论混淆了公众的视听，从而威胁了健康保健知识的发展。
ally
['ælai] n.同盟者
France is a traditional ally of the United States, with a shared history going back to the American Revolution.
【点睛】这个词作名词和作动词时的发音不一样。另外，在作动词时常与介词to或with搭配使用。
[ə'lai] v.使结盟，使联姻
They have never sought to ally themselves to the local authorities. 他们从未设法与地方权力机构结成联盟。
【派生】
alliance n.结盟
The seven countries entered into an economic alliance to jointly (共同的) combat the global financial storm.
allied adj.结盟的
The allied army was so vast that the space it took up while camped was equivalent to a three-day march.盟军的军队太多了，他们的营地绵延的距离可以走上三天。
2021考研英语：定语从句语法的基本技巧
一、定语从句的概念什么是定语从句?
例: A rich person is not the one who has the most, but is the one who needs the least.
用来修饰前面的名词或者代词的具有完整的主谓结构的句子就叫着定语从句。有两个必备的基本元素。一个是先行词;一个是关系词。
1.名词或代词做先行词。
例：He laughs best who laughs last.
2.短语做先行词。Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.
3.用句子做先行词。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
I am a student ，which you all know.
当先行词与关系词被割裂时是如何表现的。如：Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off.
找先行词的方法。反证法。把它带进去。哪一个是通顺的，哪一个就是先行词。
1. 翻译定语从句。
2. 结合先行词的结构特点和位置特征在关系词之前寻找与定语从句的意思的有逻辑关系相符合的词。
二、定语从句里面的关系代词的用法
1.常用的关系代词：which, that, who, whom。Whom现在用的很少。前面有介词只能用which，不能用that。
2. 关系代词在考试中的特殊情况。
What:1)它是子母同体。相当于一个关系代词以及一个先行词。What前面不应该在出现先行词。 如果前面已经偶一个关系词，就不能用what来引导。例如：You can have everything what you like. what=all that,所以这儿不能用what.
All---is a continuous supplying of the basic necessities of life
A. what is the need
B. the things need
C. for our needs
D. that is need
2)what单独使用，后面不加名词。
例如：She is not what she used to be.
3)what 后面加名词
例如：What money I have has been given to you.
1997年考题：______he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate
A. What little
B. So much
C. How much
D. So little
as
1. like
2. 作为
3. when
4. 引导定语从句。即可引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。引导限制性定语从句一般式固定用法。如as…as, such…as
as引导非限制性定语从句
例如：I was a boy which you know. which可以用as替换。
As is so often pointed out knowledge is a two edge weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.
as引导限制性定语从句
考试中往往考固定搭配。
例如：Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.
than 作为关系代词可以引导定语从句
More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home ____ was common in the traditional family structure .
A.than B.that C.which D.as
特点：
1) than作为关系代词引导词在从句中一般必须做主语或者作宾语。
2) than 前面的主句必须要有比较级
3) 比较级所修饰的名词就是than指代的对象
三、关系副词
When引导的定语从句。
1)先行词必须是表示时间的名词。
Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.
2)如何区分when引导的定语从句和状语从句。用句子表示状语就是状语从句。例如：When I go to school, I will work hard.
从两方面区分：
When 引导的定语从句前一定有表示时间的名词;When 引导的状语语从句前没有有表示时间的名词。
从翻译的角度看如果是引导的定语从句可以不翻译。如果是状语从句就必须翻译成当……时候。
When=on which
Where
where=in which
where引导的从句先行词必须是表示地点的名词。例如：
I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.
先行词表示地点,不一定用where来引导。例如：
I have never been to Beijing ,but it’s the place __.
A.where I’dlike to visit
B.in which I’d like to visit
C.I most want to visit
D.thar I want to visit it most
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